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Las falsas promesas que han despoblado nuestras sierras

Jesús Alcanda Vergara, ingeniero forestal en el área de Energía de Sacyr Agua, explica en este artículo cómo las decisiones de ordenación del territorio ha desplazado a la población rural española en los últimos decenios.  

Jesús Alcanda Vergara

Sacyr Energía 

 

Corría el año 1991 y mi amigo Luis Carlos y yo nos veíamos en el Servicio del Medio Natural de Zamora junto con José Luis Montero de Burgos (jefe del Servicio Nacional de Repoblaciones Forestales del Ministerio de Agricultura durante 20 años) en una reunión con los técnicos de este Servicio, para escuchar las directrices que querían proponer como guía del proyecto de repoblación forestal en 6.000 hectáreas asoladas por un incendio en la Sierra de la Culebra, y cuya redacción se nos había encargado. 

A cada enfoque que este Servicio proponía, Montero de Burgos, avalado por sus decenios de experiencia, advertía de la necesidad de contar con las gentes del lugar y el cuidado de sus usos y labores; y como esta advertencia se repetía y se especificaba para cada ocurrencia de los técnicos. Llegó un momento en que las argumentaciones derivaron hacia los problemas que causaban los pobladores de la Sierra, que ya estaba propuesta como Paisaje Protegido. 

Y tanto se entusiasmaron estos técnicos del Servicio que con asombrosa unanimidad y sin ningún pudor llegaron a la increíble conclusión y al convencimiento absoluto de que lo que sobraba en la Sierra de la Culebra era la gente que vivía en ella.

Estos técnicos dejaron claro que, para hacerse cargo de este espacio natural a proteger, sobraban las gentes que habitaban la Sierra de la Culebra, y que era prioritario para esos funcionarios desalojar en la medida de lo posible a sus pobladores de la Sierra.

Hoy, pasados 35 años, estos técnicos -algunos que Dios los tenga en su gloria- deben estar muy satisfechos, porque sus deseos de desalojo casi se han cumplido: la población de este Paisaje Protegido se ha reducido a la mitad.

 

¿GESTIÓN DEL TERRITORIO?

 

Las Administraciones Públicas (AAPP) se llenan la boca de sintagmas como el de la “gestión del territorio”, aporías y pretensiones de un imposible por abstracto.
 
Al implicar servicios y personal en el cumplimiento del sintagma, olvidan que el papel para el que nace una AAPP es el de administrar, servir, dosificar (en contraposición de derrochar) los medios, cuidar; y así no traicionar la etimología de la palabra “Administración” y su verbo. Los gobiernos y sus extensiones (Consejerías, Ministerios…) deben gobernar a las personas, no confundiendo esto con la mera administración de cosas. 

Al cambiar el verbo administrar por gestionar las AAPP olvidan su esencial papel de servir al gobierno de las personas, tergiversando este papel por el de gestionar las cosas al margen de aquellas. 

Si mal está sustituir la encomienda de administrar por el sucedáneo de gestionar, peor aún es aplicar la gestión a nombres abstractos de cosas tan ambiguas como el “Territorio”. Pero este desconcierto intelectual se convierte en delirio cuando, atrapados por la aporía del sintagma, se decide dotar de derechos a las cosas. 

Es decir, dotar de derechos al territorio. Dotar de derechos no a las personas sino a las cosas y hacer prevalecer el derecho de éstas sobre aquellas es un acto deshumanizado, amén de hacer que la facultad se separe de la norma. 

Por este camino delirante se llega a la necesidad de dotar de derechos los espacios naturales, semilla de un tren de problemas ecológicos, económicos, laborales, administrativos, demográficos, etc., que recorre nuestros días y que solo un ciego cerebral podría negar.

No miremos hacia otra parte: las consecuencias de esta degradación socioeconómica en media y alta montaña, sobre todo dentro de los espacios protegidos de toda índole, y su inmediata derivada de la despoblación serrana tienen un protagonista principal, que es la Administración del Medio Natural o como la queramos llamar, porque el resto de Administraciones Públicas no ha tenido vela en este entierro (nunca mejor dicho), y en el mejor de los casos la participación de éstas ha sido muy, muy marginal. 

Porque esta Administración del Medio Natural ha sido hasta hoy el Señor del Lugar, omnipresente en todo uso, disfrute y aprovechamiento que las gentes serranas hayan podido intentar. Y de esta forma, estos moradores marginados y arruinados han marchado de su tierra, han abandonado por fin sus hogares. Enhorabuena: los “gestores del territorio” pueden ya hacer y deshacer a su antojo; sus moradores ya no les molestarán más, los que quedan han rendido sus pendones y sus vidas.

A continuación, se muestran algunos casos particulares de despoblamiento en los municipios de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de la España Continental durante el periodo 1986-2022.
 
No son simplemente nombres de municipios, son pueblos reales que han sobrevivido durante siglos al paso de la Historia, gracias a los esfuerzos de sus moradores, cuya descendencia hoy ha sido progresivamente expulsada de sus pueblos. Los datos porcentuales de pérdida de población incluidos en las tablas se refieren al valor porcentual de variación de la población respecto a la población al inicio del periodo. Todos los datos demográficos proceden del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE).

Empecemos por la fotografía de la despoblación de los pueblos que conforman el Paisaje Protegido y ZEC de la Sª de la Culebra, donde se declararon 61.000 hectáreas protegidas:

 

 

 
Mientras la población española ha crecido un 37% desde 1986 hasta 2022, la población de la Sierra de la Culebra ha disminuido un 48%. No está mal, esta diferencia del 85% de variación de población. A esto se le puede llamar con todo derecho sangría demográfica.

Veamos un parque regional: Montaña de Riaño y Mampodre (León), donde se declararon protegidas 101.000 hectáreas, con medidas cautelares antes de su declaración legal.

 

 

 
No está nada mal esta sangría en la montaña de Riaño: Acebedo, Burón, Crémenes y Maraña han sido literalmente arrasadas…, perdiendo el parque la mitad de su población. No parece que la declaración de este parque regional haya supuesto una oportunidad socioeconómica: si lo hubiera sido, no se hubiera marchado la mitad de su población.

Veamos por último un Parque Natural en Galicia, provincia de Orense, donde la despoblación ha resultado demoledora. Hablamos del P.N. “Baixa Limia y Sª do Xures, donde se declararon hasta 30.000 hectáreas protegidas, una extensión notoria teniendo en cuenta que el tipo de propiedad dominante es la de régimen privado. La sangría demográfica alcanza el 67% de la población respecto del inicio del periodo: 

 

 

 
No hace falta comentar las cifras de esta tabla: hablan por sí mismas.

Durante ese período (el periodo 1986-2022), el Parque Natural “Montes Obarenses-San Zadornil” (Burgos) ha sufrido una despoblación del 41% en sus16 municipios. 

El Parque Regional “Sierra de Gredos” (Ávila) ha perdido un 51% de su población en 28 pueblos. 
El Parque Natural “Montaña Palentina”, con una despoblación del 46% en 10 pueblos. 
El Parque Natural “Arribes del Duero”, ha perdido el 52% de su población en los 24 pueblos salmantinos y 46% en los 13 pueblos zamoranos. 

ElL 43% de los 12 municipios del Parque Natural de la “Serranía de Cuenca” ha abandonado su pueblo. 
En el Parque Natural “Sierra de Alcudia y Sierra Madrona” (C. Real) se ha despoblado el 44% de sus 8 grandes municipios. 
En el Parque Natural del “Alto Tajo” (Guadalajara), 35 municipios han perdido el 51% de su población, etc. 

Lo que se ha hecho y se ha deshecho por los lares serranos de estos pueblos lleva la impronta del modus operandi de las administraciones del medio natural, respaldada por un sinfín de leyes, decretos, órdenes y normas de todo tipo, nacionales, regionales y europeas sobre protección de espacios y especies que la han erigido a esa administración en el Señor de campos y montes serranos. 

Esa normativa asfixiante para el morador en espacios protegidos ha sido milimétricamente diseñada en las AAPP del medio natural, pues ésta ha volcado sobre esas normas un catálogo interminable de prohibiciones, restricciones y prescripciones tanto al vuelo como a suelo de los predios serranos; y esta administración se ha empleado a fondo en hacer cumplir cada restricción, cada prohibición y cada prescripción vaciadoras de cualquier iniciativa de actividad socioeconómica. Los casos que se quieran citar contrarios a este modus operandi serían la excepción que confirma esta terrible norma.
Estos datos demográficos de larga perspectiva dejan muy claro que las declaraciones de esos ENP no han constituido ninguna oportunidad socioeconómica para sus moradores como prometieron sus promotores, cantinela que hoy siguen usando los nuevos adalides de los nuevos ENP. 

En las declaraciones de los ENP, se hicieron mil promesas de prosperidad y de oportunidad para sus moradores. Aquí hemos demostrado que tales promesas eran falsas, y que tales declaraciones no han supuesto oportunidad ni prosperidad para la mitad de sus pobladores. Así acaba todo cuando sistemáticamente se otorgan derechos a cosas por encima de las personas.

The Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road in Canada is one of the world’s longest heavy transport ice roads. Credit: TCWR

The world's most extreme roads

From dizzying precipices in the Andes to icy routes across frozen lakes in the Arctic. This is a journey along the planet’s most dangerous roadways, where every kilometre is a constant battle between risk and survival.

ISABEL RUBIO ARROYO | Tungsteno

 

The world's most extreme roads are routes where engineering and risk go hand in hand. The Yungas Road in Bolivia, with its narrow stretches skirting sheer drop-offs, is among the best known for its extreme danger. China’s Tianmen Mountain Road climbs a mountainside via 99 hairpin bends carved directly into the rock. In the Indian Himalayas, high-altitude passes such as Khardung La, at over 5,300 metres, force drivers to contend with ice, fog, and landslides. In Canada, ice roads exist only in winter, crossing frozen lakes and endless tundra. In this article, we investigate which roads truly deserve the title of the world's most extreme.

 

“The Road of Death”

 

The North Yungas Road, known as the Road of Death, links La Paz in Bolivia with the subtropical Yungas valleys and the Amazon region. At just 64 km long and with a descent of 3,500 metres, the road has gained global notoriety due to its extreme danger. The highway is narrow, with sections barely three metres wide, and features tight bends, blind turns, and almost no guardrails. Drivers must contend with sheer drop-offs ranging from 400 to 1,000 metres, as well as dense fog, mud, and waterfalls that render the surface treacherously slippery. Some media outlets estimate that this road used to claim between 200 and 300 lives per year. Despite the risks, the road attracts some 25,000 visitors each year, including cyclists and motorcyclists, who willingly brave the potholes, traffic, and constant threat posed by the surrounding cliffs.

 

The North Yungas Road challenges drivers and cyclists with its narrow stretches. Credit: World Travel Guide

 

An “Avenue to the Heavens”

 

Tianmen Shan Big Gate Road, also known as the Avenue to the Heavens or the Road of 99 Curves, is located in Tianmen Mountain National Park in Hunan, China. This 11-kilometre route climbs from the foot of the mountain to Cave Square, reaching an altitude of around 1,100 metres. Due to its extremely tight hairpin turns, narrow sections running alongside precipices, and frequent fog, it is considered one of the most dangerous roads in the world. Given its proximity to the abyss and minimal margin for error, the route is only suitable for experienced drivers.

In recent years, however, it has also become a popular tourist destination and venue for cycling competitions and mountain races. Its dramatic landscape inspired James Cameron when designing the floating mountains in the Avatar films.

 

Tianmen Shan Big Gate in Zhangjiajie, China, is known as the Avenue to the Heavens. Credit: Travel and Home

 

One of the world’s most dangerous mountain passes

 

Khardung La, located in the Ladakh region of India, is one of the world’s most famous and challenging mountain passes. Rising to 5,359 metres (17,582 feet) above sea level, its extreme altitude exposes travellers to Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). The road itself is narrow and slippery in places, with several sections in poor condition. Heavy traffic and military convoys can cause delays and increase the risk of accidents on the single lane sections. The pass is also subject to bad weather and geological hazards, such as avalanches, rockfalls, and heavy snowfall, and remains closed for several months each year. The remoteness of the area and poor logistics make the journey even more challenging.

There is no medical assistance available along the entire route, and facilities at the summit are extremely limited. In addition, its proximity to the borders with Pakistan and China results in a heavy military presence, and some travellers require a special permit to cross the pass.

 

 
 

There is usually a military presence at Khardung La. Credit: Vyacheslav Argenberg / Creative Commons.

 

A road built on ice

 

The Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road, located in Canada’s Northwest Territories and Nunavut, is the longest heavy-haul ice road in the world. Spanning between 400 and 600 kilometres, it links Tibbitt Lake, near Yellowknife, with diamond mines such as Ekati, Diavik, and Gahcho Kué. It is a seasonal route, rebuilt every year starting in December, and is typically open from February to late March. Around 85% of the road runs over frozen lakes, while the remaining 15% crosses short stretches of permafrost peatland.

Despite being one of the best-managed and safest roads in North America due to strict monitoring and controls, it is still considered dangerous for several reasons. The ice must reach a minimum thickness of 74 centimetres for the road to open and 100 centimetres to support fully loaded trucks. Speed limits for loaded vehicles are restricted to 25 kilometres per hour. Drivers may encounter snowstorms, strong winds and near-zero visibility, and the journey itself can take between 14 and 18 hours in complete isolation. One of the greatest threats to this ice road is climate change, which can shorten the operating season or weaken the ice.

 

The Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road depends entirely on the thickness of the ice. Credit: Steven TenHave


Tungsteno es un laboratorio periodístico que explora la esencia de la innovación.

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The history of the Catacombs of Paris dates back to the late 18th century. Credit: Paris Musées

Four modern cities with secret tunnels

From war bunkers and espionage tunnels to monumental ossuaries, major metropolises have fascinating underground worlds. We explore the tunnels hidden beneath Berlin, London, Paris, and New York.

ISABEL RUBIO ARROYO | Tungsteno

 

Many modern cities conceal beneath their streets a vast network of secret tunnels that serve various purposes, ranging from former shelters and military command centres to historic ossuaries. Cities like Berlin, London, Paris, and New York reveal that urban life and history extend beyond the surface. Their depths hold a captivating heritage of wartime bunkers, espionage routes, and abandoned infrastructure.

Berlin

Berlin's tunnels have historically served as strategic refuges and military command centres, preserving stories from the Second World War through the Cold War. Several associations are dedicated to exploring and documenting these underground spaces, offering guided access to iconic air-raid shelters and bunkers. Their aim is to show how the city prepared for conflict and how these structures protected its inhabitants during times of crisis.

Beyond shelters, escape tunnels tell stories of ingenuity and resistance. More than 70 tunnels were built beneath the Berlin Wall, enabling some 300 people to flee from East to West. The city’s subterranean past also hides other disused infrastructure, such as abandoned railway tunnels and even former brewery warehouses.

 

During the Cold War, some tunnels were used as escape routes. Credit: DW Euromaxx

 

London

 

The Kingsway Exchange tunnels complex, which stretches across 8,000 square metres beneath High Holborn, was built during the Second World War to protect Londoners during the Blitz. Although it was never used for that purpose, the site hosted the Special Operations Executive (SOE), Winston Churchill's wartime espionage organisation. James Bond author Ian Fleming worked regularly with the SOE in this labyrinth of tunnels, which may have inspired Q Branch in his famous novels.

The tunnels remained strategically important after the war. During the Cold War, they functioned as a strategic communications hub. Following the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, the complex served as a relay point for the famous “red telephone” hotline between the Pentagon and the Kremlin. A government bunker was also built for use in the event of a nuclear attack. Today, there are plans to open the site to the public as a tourist attraction, featuring a military intelligence museum, an exhibition on espionage, and a bar marketed as “the deepest bar in the world in a city.”

 

The passages that protected London during the Second World War.

 

Paris

 

Much of the Parisian subsoil consists of nearly 200 miles (about 320 kilometres) of limestone quarries, originally excavated to build the city. Part of this network forms the Paris Catacombs, one of the largest ossuaries in the world. They contain the remains of some six million Parisians and have been dubbed "the empire of death." These abandoned quarries are sometimes visited illegally by "urban explorers," who have been known to organise secret underground nightclubs and cinemas.

Paris also boasts a complex sewer system spanning 1,662 miles (around 2,675 kilometres), modernised in the 19th century and historically used as escape routes for criminals. The metro network also includes four “ghost” stations closed since the Second World War. Other underground points of interest include a secret military bunker near the Eiffel Tower and the basement of the Opéra Garnier, which houses a real underground lake.

 

 
 

The catacombs of Paris lie 20 metres underground, with 243 steps and 2,000 metres of tunnels. Credit: Paris Musées

 

New York

 

In 2024, an illegal tunnel was discovered in Brooklyn, New York, beneath the Chabad-Lubavitch headquarters in Crown Heights, a busy Jewish site that welcomes thousands of visitors a year. The 60-foot (18-metre) tunnel was dug clandestinely and without structural reinforcements, causing destabilisation under the synagogue sanctuary. Due to safety concerns, New York City issued an emergency order to stabilise the building.

 

Illegal tunnel discovered beneath an historic synagogue in Brooklyn, New York. Credit: Eyewitness News ABC7NY

 

The evidence suggests the tunnel was constructed by a group of students known as the Tzfatim, who sought to expand the synagogue in accordance with the vision of their deceased leader, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. When police arrived to inspect the tunnel, clashes broke out with members of the community. The altercation resulted in nine arrests on charges including criminal damage, reckless endangerment, and obstruction of government administration.


Tungsten is a journalistic laboratory that explores the essence of innovation.

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